History of Armenian Christianity Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Considering himself the last prophet, Mani wrote a book, Erdengi Mani, claiming that it was dictated to him in heaven. His doctrine taught that there were two opposite initial elements in the universe God, and Matter, of which God is superior. According to this teaching people could be divided into the Elect, the Hearers and the Wicked. After death, the Elect easily ascended to the moon to be admitted to paradise. The Hearers had to pass through long purifying wandering before they could join the Elect. The Wicked had no chances for paradise, being condemned to roam in the Universe until the realm of darkness took them. Mani was prosecuted as a heretic, eventually being crucified and flayed in 227. However, his teaching was very influential and had many followers. From Persia, it spread to Syria and Palestine, Egypt and North Africa, Gaul and Spain, Turkey and Greece. It was popular in Arabia and Iran, India and China. Both Iranian and Roman rulers persecuted the Manichaeans. The t eaching was announced an insane heresy , a dangerous and wicked faith in Syria, Iraq, Italy, Greece, and Armenia. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Armenian Christianity or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Serial Killers Ted Bundy - 2109 Words

Ted Bundy By Kim LaShomb Criminal Psychology Theodore Robert Cowell, aka â€Å"Ted Bundy† is one of the most well known serial killers in United States history. His reign of terror went on from 1974- 1978 when he was arrested and charged with numerous crimes. These crimes include first degree murder, kidnapping, rape, sodomy, unlawful sex with corpses, resisting arrest, and the list goes on from there. It was said that he had over 300 victims, but he would confess to only 30 of the homicides that he committed. Bundy was eventually executed in 1989. Before his death, Ann Rule wrote a biography on him, and described Bundy as â€Å"a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human’s pain and the control he had over his victims, to the point of death, and even after† (Rule, 1989). Bundy described himself as the most cold-hearted son of a b**** you’ll ever meet, and his lawyer stated â€Å"Ted was the very definition of heartless evil† (XXXXXXX). Bundy was born to Louise Cowell in the Eliza beth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont. He never knew his biological father, nor had any dealings with him. When Ted and his mother were released from the hospital, she decided to move back home and reside with her parents. Bundy’s grandparents took over much of his care, and became his parental figures, while his mother took a more sisterly role to him. This was done to protect him from being considered odd, or becoming a social outcastShow MoreRelatedThe Serial Killers : Ted Bundy1438 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy, also known as the campus killer, is one of the United States top known serial killers. This twisted man assaulted and murdered many young girls during the 1970s. Bundy captured his victims by his charismatic and handsome and would win their trust by traits he had. He would act injured or as an authority figure before he murdered and assaulted his victims. After the girls died, Bundy would visit the bodies’ hours later and do sexual things to the co rpse until animals would finish the girlRead MoreTed Bundy : A Serial Killer Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesTed Bundy Theodore Robert Cowell, known as Ted Bundy, is one of the most famous serial killers in US history. He was born on November 24, 1946, to Eleanor Louise Cowell, known as Louise. Louise was ostracized by those around her because she was single and pregnant. Louise traveled from Philadelphia to a home for unwed mothers in Burlington, Vermont, to give birth to Ted. In 1950, Louise and Ted moved to Tacoma, Washington, to stay with her uncle Jack, a man of whose education and intelligence TedRead MoreSerial Killer : Ted Bundy1492 Words   |  6 Pagesa feared serial killer, Ted Bundy, disseminated terror throughout the United States. He was connected to at least thirty-six murders, although some believed he had committed more than one hundred murders. Bundy confessed to killing thirty women in seven states before his execution by electric chair on January 24, 1989. Ted Bundy appeared as a successful and an attractive gentleman, who seemed to have a lot going for him. Nevertheless, ingrai ned was the heart of a serial killer! Ted Bundy was a psychopath;Read MoreTed Bundy : A Serial Killer2536 Words   |  11 PagesTed Bundy is one of the most famous serial killers in United States History. There are many theories behind what made him become a serial killer. Many believe he was born that way, with a darkness inside of him to which he could not control. Others believe he is a victim of circumstance and had no chance from the very beginning of life. Ted killed fourteen plus women and girls, his earliest victim thought to be when he was just fifteen years old, with only one known survivor. I believe Ted madeRead MoreTed Bundy: Unlikely Serial Killer1415 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy: Unlikely Serial Killer Americans were shocked in the 1970s when authorities began reporting a string of disappearances of young women from Washington, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Florida and Oregon. The man behind these crimes was Theodore (Ted) Bundy. Many people still consider him to be one of the most notorious serial killers of all time and was once one of the FBI’s most wanted. He was officially tied to 36 murders, however he is believed to have committed more than one hundred. TheRead MoreTed Bundy : The American Serial Killer Essay2285 Words   |  10 PagesTed Bundy is known as the American serial killer, rapist, and a necrophilia (a person who has sex or is sexually attracted to the dead or a corpse) that murdered young women during the 1970s. He confessed to 30 homicides, committed in seven different states between 1974 and 1978. He has been connected to at least 36 murders, but is thought he could be responsible for about a hundred or more. Theodore Robert Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell born on November 24, 1946, in Burlington, VermontRead MorePersonality Analysis Of Serial Killer : Ted Bundy2153 Words   |  9 PagesPersonality Analysis of a Serial Killer: Ted Bundy Described as â€Å"THE execution† (Lyons Trei, 1989, p. Ia) serial killer and rapist Ted Bundy was put to death by the State of Florida at 7.16 A.M. January 24, 1989. During his life he had been convicted of the 1978 rape and murder of a 12 year old, Kimberly Leach in Lack City; and the death of Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman, sorority sisters at Florida State University. Just two days before his execution Bundy also admitted to killing a number ofRead More Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay611 Words   |  3 PagesFebruary, 1989 p. 44-51. Gerdes, Louise. Serial Killers. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc.2000. Knappaman, Edward W. Great American Trials. Detroit: New England Publishing, Associates, Inc. 1994. Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer. He was also very charming and handsome to the ladies, which made it easier to prey on them. He admitted to killing over twenty people just before his execution. Many families were relieved when he was finally executed. Ted Bundy thought of himself as very smart, becauseRead MoreSerial Killers, Ted Bundy And John Wayne Gacy1588 Words   |  7 PagesKEISER UNIVERSITY Killer Stories H.H. Holmes, â€Å"Ted† Bundy John Wayne Gacy Faraz Garcia 10/16/2017 â€Æ' Abstract When you tell children scary stories they shouldn’t be able to come true but unfortunately for the people victimized by the vicious killers in this paper those horror stories did come true. Traveling and staying in a â€Å"Hotel† owned by a wealthy â€Å"doctor† got them tortured, experimented on and ultimately killed, helping a seemingly helpless man put things in his vehicle lead themRead MoreSearching for Answers to a Serial Killer, Ted Bundy Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagestake you on a journey. You will learn who â€Å"Ted Bundy† is and why he chose to live a double life. Ted was a special individual who only killed women he had a soft spot for them. Ted Bundy was like a tiger in the wild and women was his prey. When he went out he always went for vulnerable women. Ted would sweet talk them until they trusted him then he would wait until their alone and he would kill them. In the following paragraphs you will learn about Ted Bundy’s past where he came from, what type of

Fate and Destiny in the Aeneid and the Odyssey Free Essays

From the dawning of modern human thought, humans have questioned the nature of life and its passing. One of the most fundamental questions to arise from this train of thought is the ideas of fate and duty. We humans desire to know whether the path of our lives is preordained and unalterable or if it is just a series of consequences from our past actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Fate and Destiny in the Aeneid and the Odyssey or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we live by fate and believe our path is already set in stone, then is it our obligation to fulfill that destiny to the best of our abilities or can we resist and hope to forge our own story? It is quite obvious in the epics of both Aeneus and Odysseus that the idea of fate and duty plays a huge role. The difference we see between the two is which is more important and how each epic allows these two ideas to unfold. In Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeneus is driven by the prophecy that he will leave a legacy that will go on to found the greatest and most powerful empire the world will ever know. Aeneus’s journey is filled with trials and tribulations; some are purposefully placed in front of him with the intention of undoing his fate while others are pure happenstance. What drives Aeneus to press on is his sense of duty. One of Aeneus’s most significant obstacles is the princess of Carthage, Dido. The patron goddess of Carthage is Juno and she knows that Aeneus’s prophecy tells of his kingdom destroying Carthage in the future. So Juno sends Cupid to make Dido fall madly in love with Aeneus so that he will do the same and consequently will settle in Carthage never founding the foretold empire that will destroy Juno’s city. Once learning of this plan, Jupiter dispatches Mercury to remind Aeneus of his destiny. And are you at a time like this laying the foundations of stately Carthage, and building, like a fond husband, your wife’s goodly city, forgetting alas! your own kingdom and the cares that should be yours? † (Virgil, Book 4, line 279-282) Aeneus is awe-struck, but he immediately goes to repair his fleet and sail for Italy’s shores. To Aeneus, his sense of duty is so great that he, without question, leaves his wife Dido and the safety of Carthage. Aeneus does not leave Carthage without regard for Dido though. Aeneus attempts to leave before anyone will know they are gone, but he is caught and explains to Dido, â€Å"My quest to Italy is not of my own motion. † (Virgil, Book 4, line 391-392) With this Aeneus leaves Carthage driven by duty and obligation. In Homer’s Odyssey, the idea of fate is more significant than the idea and sense of duty. Odysseus’s journey begins when Poseidon learns that Odysseus blinded his Cyclops son, Polyphemous while trying to escape from his capture. This enrages the already hot-tempered sea god, damning Odysseus, his men, and his voyage. Poseidon attempts to delay and keep Odysseus from his home, Ithaca. His anger towards Odysseus is so great that Zeus has to step in to save him from the sea-god. Zeus, after Poseidon complains to him about the Phaenecians aiding Odysseus, states â€Å"Since for Odysseus now I vowed that he his home should win through many a misery yet utterly bereft not his return; for such your purpose was and decree. † (Homer, Book 13, st. 45) Zeus, in the Odyssey, acts as the hand of fate by preventing Poseidon from further stalling Odysseus’s return home. This is unlike Jupiter in the Aeneid, who dispatches Mercury to remind Aeneus of his purpose. Aeneas is then left with the duty of leaving Carthage and Dido behind, whereas Odysseus is more subject to each gods will. The idea of an inevitable and unchangeable fate is in both the Aeneid and Odyssey, what drives each character is the difference. Aeneus is driven by his sense of duty to start the lineage that will go onto to found Rome, whereas Odysseus is driven by his desire to return to Ithaca. This resembles the cultural and philosophical natures of the Greeks and Romans. The Greeks placed much emphasis on the individual, life, and pleasure which would naturally honor a hero who struggles tremendously to return safely home. The Romans placed large amounts of emphasis on Rome, what it stood for and their duty, undoubtedly Aeneus’s epic was bred from this culture. Although the cultural differences are evident, these two works both share an inevitable fate which drives the journey. Also, the god’s interference in the hero’s journey for either personal gain or to assure the fulfillment of their fate is evident in both works. Fate and duty have been human concepts for thousands of years; they both entail some form of obligation and are main themes in the Aeneid and the Odyssey. Aeneus’s obligation to his duty compels him to realize his fate. Odysseus, on the other hand simply desires to return home, but is subjected to the will of the gods which only stall his fate. Both works resemble their respective culture’s beliefs and ideals, but regardless of the differences, these two works are classic epics. How to cite Fate and Destiny in the Aeneid and the Odyssey, Essay examples

Basic Accounting Assignment free essay sample

Generally Accepted   Principles, Balance sheet, Accounts receivable, Income statement, Debt, Liability, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Accounts payable 1- Explain the collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and reporting process of accounting. Collecting:- Data obtained from various sources with the help of appropriate measures is called collection of data. Recording:- Arranging the data into its chronological form is called recording of data. Classifying:- Division of data according to nature of events is called classification of data. Ledger is used for classifying transactions Posting is the process of transferring transactions from journal to ledger. Summarizing:- This involves presenting the classified data in a manner which is understandable and useful to the management and other interested parties. Follow statements are prepared:- Income statement Balance Sheet Cash flow statement Analyzing:- The comparison of data in a business is called analyzing of data. For example, analyzing of present data with past data, or actual data with projected data. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Accounting Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reporting:- Forwarding the results to financial users like chairman, directors, managers etc. is called reporting of data. Discuss in detail the nature of accounts i. e. assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital by giving examples. Assets:- The resources of a business are called assets. They are of two types:- Fixed Assets: Land, Building, Equipment, Vehicle etc. Current Assets: Cash, cash at bank, A/c receivable, debtors, prepaid expenses. Expenses:- The amount spent in a business with a view to gain profit in the future is called expense. Examples are rent expenses, salaries expenses, advertisement expenses etc. Liabilities:- The financial responsibilities of the business for which it is liable are called liabilities. They are divided into two types:- Fixed Liabilities (Bank Loan, Bonds Payable, Mortgage Payable. ) Current Liabilities (Notes Payable, Unearned Income, Creditors. ) Capital:- The amount of money invested by the owner in the business is called capital. Revenue:- The incomes and the profits earned in the business through selling are called revenues. For example, Sales, Service revenue, Interest, commission earned. Drawings:- The amount of money taken away by the proprietor for personal benefits is called Drawings. 3- Describe the accounting rule of debit and credit for accounts like assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital. Assets Increase in Asset is debit. Decrease in Asset is credit. Liabilities Increase in liabilities is credit. Decrease in liabilities is debit. Revenues Increase in revenues is credit. Decrease in revenues is debit. Expenses Increase in expense is debit. Decrease in expense is credit. Capital Increase in capital is credit. Decrease in capital is debit. Select any twenty categories from the above and identify a transaction that will have the required effect on the business. 1- Purchased Goods on credit 25,000. 2- Gave services for cash 5,000. 3- Brought cash in business 65,000. 4- Adjusting entry of out standing salaries 9000. 5- Wages wrongly debited to Sales 400. 6- Salaries wrongly debited to Drawings 600. 7- Paid to accounts payable in cash 1500. 8- Good s returned by customer worth 650. 9- Withdrew cash for personal use 550

graham bell Essay Example

graham bell Essay Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, he was educated there and at the University of London. He studied under his grandfather, Alexander Bell, a well known speech teacher. (Robert V. Bruce, Bell) His mother, Elisa Grace Symonds, was a portrait painter and a musician. His father, Alexander Melville, Bell, taught deaf-mutes to speak and wrote textbooks on correct speech. He invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols that indicated position of the throat, tongue, and lips in making sounds. (World Book Bell and his brothers helped their father in demonstrations of Visible Speech, Beginning in 1962. He also became a student-teacher at West House, a boys school in Edinburgh, where he taught music and speech for instruction in other subjects. (World Book Enc. 1991) He became a full-time teacher after studying for a year at the University of Edinburgh. Then he studied at the University of London. (A. G. Bell: Making Connections, 1996) In 1866, he made experiments to find out how vowel sounds are produced. He read a book on acoustics by a German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, he used notes of electrically driven forks to make vowel sounds. That gave him the idea of telegraphing even though he had no idea how to do it. (World Book Enc., 1991) Bad things started to happen to the family. Grahams younger brother died of tuberculosis, and his older brother died also by the same disease in 1870. The doctor told his father that Graham was in danger too, but his father gave up his job and moved to Brantford, Ontario, Canada, where his father found a healthy climate for them. He soon recovered in health. (Our Foreign Born Citizens, In 1972, Bell opened a school for the teachers of the death. The next year he became a professor at Boston College. After a while of working on the p

Biography of The Pitsburgh Steelers

Biography of The Pitsburgh Steelers Free Online Research Papers The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They are currently a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC. Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles (six), won more AFC Championship Games (seven) and hosted more conference championship games (ten) than any other AFC or NFC team. They have played in more AFC conference championship games than any other team and are tied with the Dallas Cowboys with 14 championship game appearances in either the NFC or AFC contests. With the exception of the 1960s which featured only three Super Bowls, the Steelers have appeared in at least one Super Bowl in every decade of the contest. The Steelers won their most recent championship, Super Bowl XLIII, on February 1, 2009. The fifth-oldest franchise in the NFL, the Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, by Art Rooney, taking its original name from the National League baseball team of the same name, as was common practice for NFL teams to do at the time. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding. The current owner is Arts son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II. The team enjoys a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation and currently play their home games in Heinz Field on Pittsburghs North Side, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons. Prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field. Franchise history The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20, 1933, losing 23–2 to the New York Giants. Through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than .500 (1936).[ Pittsburgh did make history in 1938 by signing Byron White, a future Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, to what was at the time the biggest contract in NFL history, but he played only one year with the Pirates before signing with the Detroit Lions. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers. During World War II, the Steelers experienced player shortages. They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team. During the 1943 season, they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the Phil-Pitt Eagles and were known as the Steagles. This team went 5–4–1. In 1944, they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card-Pitt (or, mockingly, as the Carpets). This team finished 0–10, marking the only winless team in franchise history. The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947, sharing first place in the division at 8–4 with the Philadelphia Eagles. This forced a tie-breaking playoff game at Forbes Field, which the Steelers lost 21–0. That would be Pittsburghs only playoff game for 25 years, though the Steelers did qualify for a Playoff Bowl in 1963 as the second-best team in their conference, though not considered an official playoff. In 1970, the year they moved into Three Rivers Stadium and the year of the AFL-NFL merger, the Pittsburgh Steelers were one of three old-guard NFL teams to switch to the newly-formed American Football Conference (the others being the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts), in order to equalize the number of teams in the two conferences of the newly-merged league. Logo and uniforms The Steelers have used black and gold as their colors since the clubs inception, the lone exception being the 1943 season when they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles and formed the Steagles; the teams colors at that time were green and white as a result of wearing Eagles uniforms. Originally, the team wore solid gold-colored helmets and black jerseys. Unique to Pittsburgh, the Steelers black and gold colors are now shared by all major professional teams in the city, including the Pittsburgh Pirates in baseball and the Pittsburgh Penguins in hockey. However, the Penguins use Vegas Gold, a color similar to metallic gold, and the Pirates gold is a darker mustard yellow-gold, while the Steelers gold is more of a bright canary yellow. Black and gold are also the colors of the citys official flag. (1963–Present) The Steelers logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the Steelmark, originally designed by Pittsburghs U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). In fact, it was Cleveland-based Republic Steel that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo. It consists of the word Steelers surrounded by three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps). The original meanings behind the astroids were, Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure, and widens your world. Later, the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel-making process: yellow for coal, red for iron ore, and blue for scrap steel. While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word Steel, the team was given permission to add ers in 1963 after a petition to AISI. The Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet (the right side). Longtime field and equipment manager Jack Hart was instructed to do this by Art Rooney as a test to see how the logo appeared on the gold helmets; however, its popularity led the team to leave it that way permanently. A year after introducing the logo, they switched to black helmets to make it stand out more. The current uniform designs were introduced in 1968. The design consists of gold pants and either black jerseys or white jerseys, except for the 1970 and 1971seasons when the Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys. In 1997, the team switched to rounded numbers on the jersey to match the number font (Futura Condensed) on the helmets, and a Steelers logo was added to the left side of the jersey. The current third uniform, consisting of a black jersey with gold lettering, white pants with black and gold stripes, and a gold helmet were first used during the Steelers 75th anniversary season in 2007. They were meant to evoke the memory of the 1963–1964 era uniforms. The uniforms were so popular among fans that the Steeler organization decided to keep them and use them as a third option during home games only. In 2008–2009, the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to defeat an opponent three times in a single season using three different uniforms. They defeated the Baltimore Ravens in Pittsburgh in Week 4 in their third jerseys, again Week 15 in Baltimore in their road whites, and a final time in the AFC Championship in Pittsburgh in their home black jerseys. Rivals The Pittsburgh Steelers have three primary rivals, all within their division: (Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens, and Cincinnati Bengals). They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from post-season battles in the past, most notably the New England Patriots, Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys. They also have an intrastate rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles, but under the current scheduling rules the teams only play each other once every four years. Divisional rivals 1.The Cleveland Browns and the Steelers have been divisional rivals since the two cities teams began playing against each other in 1950. After posting a 9–31 record in first 40 games of the series between the two cities, the Steelers recently took over the all-time series lead for the first time ever (60–56); partly due to their dominance over the post-1999, Cleveland Browns (or New Browns) franchise and won the last twelve straight before the Browns snapped their losing skid against them by beating them 13–6 on December 10, 2009. Additionally, the Browns lost 16 straight years in Pittsburgh from 1970–1985 and posted an abysmal 5–24 record at Three Rivers Stadium overall. Former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher coached the Browns special teams and secondary before following Marty Schottenheimer for a brief tenure as Kansas City Defensive Coordinator, and then hired by Pittsburgh. This has only intensified the rivalry. 2.The Baltimore Ravens and the Steelers have had several memorable match-ups and have a bitter divisional rivalry. Both teams handed the other their first losses at their current home fields. The Steelers won the inaugural game played at Baltimores MT Bank Stadium in 1998, 20–13, and three years later the Ravens handed the Steelers their first-ever loss at Heinz Field, 13–10. Later that season (2001) Pittsburgh won a divisional playoff game 27–10 against Baltimore, who was the defending Super Bowl champion. During their NFL championship season in 2000, the Ravens defeated the Steelers in Pittsburgh, 16–0, in the season opener with the Steelers later exacting revenge, 9–6, in Baltimore (the Ravens final loss of the season). During the Steelers 2008 Championship run, they beat the Ravens three times, including a win in the AFC Championship game. The Steelers lead the series (begun in 1996), 16–10. The two teams complement each other by consiste ntly fielding strong defenses in their division. The Steelers-Ravens Rivalry really began when Art Modell moved the his Franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore. The Steelers saw the Ravens as Modells team, which was reason enough to want to beat them. The Steelers also looked at Modells move of his franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore as taking away the Steelers longest and deepest rivalry away. 3.The Cincinnati Bengals rivalry with Pittsburgh dates from the 1970 season, when the NFL-AFL merger was completed. In 1976, the Steelers kept their playoff hopes alive (they later won the division) with a late-season 7–3 win in snowy Cincinnati. One of the most memorable games was the 2005 AFC Wildcard playoff game, in which the Steelers, en route to a Super Bowl title, won a 31–17 come-from-behind victory after Bengals QB Carson Palmer was forced to leave the game with a knee injury. The knee injury happened when nose tackle Kimo von Oelhoffen fell forward into Palmers knee. The Bengals players called this a dirty play, the NFL ruled that it was accidental and did not fine von Oelhoffen for the hit. This incident has led to an intensifying of the rivalry since this game. The Bengals beat the Steelers in week 13 of the 2005 season 38–31, and wide receiver T.J. Houshmandzadeh used a Terrible Towel to polish his cleats while walking up the tunnel after the game, f ueling the rivalry. The Steelers and Bengals finished 2005 and 2006 with identical records (11–5 and 8–8 respectively), splitting both regular-season series, the Bengals winning the tiebreaker both years due to having a superior division record. The Steelers also are responsible for ending the Bengals season in Cincinnati two years in a row, eliminating them from the playoffs in 2005 and taking them out of contention in 2006. The Steelers lead the all-time series, 47–30. Stadiums In 2001 the Steelers moved into Heinz Field as their football-only state-of-the-art stadium. But the franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes. For thirty-one seasons the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963. In 1958 though they started splitting their home games with the football only Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh. From 1964 to 1969 the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the citys Northside. Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse, winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984, the AFC title game seven times. Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships. Current roster Pittsburgh Steelers roster view talk edit Quarterbacks 16 Charlie Batch 2 Dennis Dixon 7 Ben Roethlisberger Running Backs 49 Sean McHugh FB/TE 34 Rashard Mendenhall 21 Mewelde Moore 33 Isaac Redman 44 Frank Summers FB 28 Justin Vincent Wide Receivers 81 Arnaz Battle 13 Jason Chery 19 Tyler Grisham 11 Stefan Logan 15 Brandon London 82 Antwaan Randle El 14 Limas Sweed 17 Mike Wallace 86 Hines Ward Tight Ends 87 Eugene Bright 85 David Johnson 83 Heath Miller Offensive Linemen 79 Trai Essex G 73 Ramon Foster G/T 62 Justin Hartwig C 66 Tony Hills T 68 Chris Kemoeatu G 64 Doug Legursky C 67 Jonathan Scott T 78 Max Starks T 65 Kraig Urbik G Defensive Linemen 93 Nick Eason DE 98 Casey Hampton NT 77 RaShon Harris DE 76 Chris Hoke NT 96 Ziggy Hood DE 99 Brett Keisel DE 69 Steve McLendon DE 71 Scott Paxson NT 91 Aaron Smith DE Linebackers 55 Patrick Bailey OLB 45 Derrick Doggett ILB 51 James Farrior ILB 50 Larry Foote ILB 57 Keyaron Fox ILB 54 Andre Frazier OLB 92 James Harrison OLB 94 Lawrence Timmons ILB 53 Johnny Williams ILB 48 Renauld Williams ILB 56 LaMarr Woodley OLB Defensive Backs 40 Will Allen FS 27 Joe Burnett CB 25 Ryan Clark FS 31 Tuff Harris SS 20 Keenan Lewis CB 37 Anthony Madison CB 29 Ryan Mundy FS 30 David Pittman CB 43 Troy Polamalu SS 24 Ike Taylor CB 35 Trae Williams CB Special Teams 5 Piotr Czech K 8 Adam Graessle P 3 Jeff Reed K 61 Jared Retkofsky LS 60 Greg Warren LS Reserve Lists Currently vacant Restricted FAs 74 Willie Colon OT 22 William Gay CB 9 Daniel Sepulveda P 89 Matt Spaeth TE Rookies in italics Roster updated April 13, 2010 Depth Chart Transactions 66 Active, 0 Inactive, 4 FAs ? More rosters Steeler Nation Steeler Nation is the unofficial name of the fan base of the NFLs Pittsburgh Steelers, coined by NFL Films narrator John Facenda in Blueprint for Victory, the teams 1975 highlights film. Steeler Country is often used for the Pittsburgh area where the fan base originates or for areas with a large Steelers fan base. History Early years The Steelers have had a following in Western Pennsylvania since Art Rooney bought the team with $2,500 of his own money, and not, as myth would have it, from his winnings as a horse race handicapper. That year, Pennsylvania relaxed its blue laws allowing sporting events in the commonwealth on Sundays, paving the way for the Steelers and the Philadelphia Eagles to begin play for the 1933 NFL season. Previously, the state had teams in Pottsville and Frankford, but both had already folded, due to both the Great Depression and their inability to play on Sunday, when most NFL games took place. Much like the league itself in the early years, the Steelers had to compete with baseball and college football teams in the city, making the team third in the hierarchy to the Pirates and the Pitt Panthers. Despite the teams early struggles, it had a small but loyal fan base in the city due to the popularity of American football at all levels, dating back to the 1800s, when Pittsburgh hosted the first wholly professional football game in 1895. Rise of the Steelers By the 1950s, the Steelers had gained some popularity in the city and were on par with Pitt, but they were still a distant second behind the Pirates in the city. In the early 1970s, the Steelers began to rise in popularity, due to changes made by the team in 1969 that saw the hiring of head coach Chuck Noll and the drafting of future Hall of Fame defensive tackle Mean Joe Greene. By 1972, the Steelers were a playoff contender and began a sellout streak in Three Rivers Stadium that carried over to Heinz Field and still stands to this day. The team is second to the Washington Redskins for the longest active consecutive sellout streak in league history. The teams four Super Bowl victories in the 1970s coincided with the a recession that struck the United States, and the city in particular, that would lead to the closure of several steel mills in the early 1980s. The teams success was credited with giving people in the city hope and leading to the increased fan base. Due to economic uncertainty in the area, many Steelers fans relocated to other areas but retained their identification with the Steelers as a reflection of their former hometowns steel industrial base. During the lead up to Super Bowl XIII between the Steelers and the Dallas Cowboys, Phil Musick contrasted the Dallas and Pittsburgh fans by saying that Dallas is superfan Whistling Ray and a hat that sprays the unsuspecting with water; Pittsburgh is a guy in a gorilla suit wholl stove five of your ribs if you laugh at him. Player fan clubs In the 1970s many fans organized fan clubs for their favorite players. Some of these fan clubs included Francos Italian Army, Frenchys Foreign Legion, Gerelas Gorillas, Bradshaws Brigade, Lamberts Lunatics, Dobre Shunka (Good Ham, for Jack Ham),Rocky and the Flying Squirrels, Shells Bombers, and Russells Raiders among others. Today Since the 1970s, the Steelers have enjoyed a large fan base and have eclipsed the Pittsburgh Pirates as the most popular sports team in Pittsburgh. While the teams success gained it a large fan base nationally, many consider the collapse of the citys steel industry to have been a cause for the strong fan base in other cities, demonstrated when teams whose home turnout would otherwise require a local blackout on television end up selling out when hosting the Steelers. The Cincinnati Bengals are perhaps the best example of this, as throughout the 1990s, the team usually only sold out home games when playing against the Steelers. Another instance of the teams large fan base was at Super Bowl XL, where an ESPN.com columnist suggested that Steelers fans outnumbered Seattle Seahawks fans more than 25 to 1. In November 2007, a study by Turnkey Sports found that the Steelers brand was the strongest in its local market of any team in the NHL, NBA, MLB or NFL. Another study found that the percentage of female fans in the Pittsburgh market was more than double the average. Comparison to other NFL fans Attempts at quantifying the loyalty of Steeler Nation relative to other NFL fan bases have shown mixed results. A 2006 study by the American City Business Journals placed the teams fans 21st out of 32 teams in the league, behind all three of its division rivals in the AFC North. The study found that although the team had been selling out games for years, some fans were not actually attending the games, and Pittsburghs weekly turnout percentage for home games was 16th in the league. That ranking was down seven slots from the publications survey conducted in 1997, which ranked Steeler Nation 14th out of 30 teams, partly due to fans leaving nearly 10 percent of the seats in the stadium empty. Conversely, A 2008 study from Forbes.com ranked Pittsburgh fans 8th overall, citing amongst other things a long season-ticket waiting list. A 2008 article for ESPN.com ranked Steelers fans as the best in the NFL, citing their unbelievable sellout streak of 299 consecutive games. Criticism Like other large and vocal fan bases, such as the Cleveland Browns Dawg Pound or fans of the New York Yankees, Steeler Nation has at times been presented in an unflattering light, especially by fans of other teams. They have occasionally been described in unflattering terms by sports journalists in other cities. For example, prior to Super Bowl XLIII, the Phoenix New Times warned fans of the Arizona Cardinals that Steelers fans were the grubbiest, loudest, and nastiest fan base in all of sports - as well as one of the largest and being the only NFL team based in Appalachia, that they were white trash and hillbillies. Steelers fans have also been singled out by newspapers in rival cities for inappropriate behavior during games - a common problem in the NFL Anti–Steeler Nation sentiment has grown strong enough that in some cases, front offices for other teams have taken steps to keep Pittsburgh fans out of games in their cities. Instead of being permitted to buy tickets to a Chargers-Steelers game in San Diego, for instance, they were required to pay for tickets to two other games, as well. In other cases, teams refused to sell tickets to fans calling from Pittsburghs 412 area code, and they encouraged fans who were selling their own tickets to do the same. Steelers President Art Rooney II complained to the NFL about the situation, but his grievance was not well received. Famous fans One notable members of Steeler Nation include President Barack Obama, rapper Snoop Dogg, actors Burt Reynolds and Michael Keaton, former MLB pitcher Curt Schilling, former CIA Director Michael Hayden, talk show host Rush Limbaugh, Bishop Thomas J. Tobin of the Diocese of Providence, Rhode Island, country music legend Hank Williams, Jr., author John Grisham, actor Verne Troyer, musician Bret Michaels, and PGA Tour golfer Jim Furyk. Research Papers on Biography of The Pitsburgh SteelersThe Hockey GameAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Spring and AutumnResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAW

Meaningful Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Meaningful Use - Essay Example The modern world is evolving fast in technology innovations and the medical field is part of this evolution. The medical sector has a lot of data from the many patients that are treated on a day to day basis and it is a universal service. There is therefore need for a streamlined form of storage for its data records. The EHR system has to have the following features: simplicity, it should be natural, consistency, relay feedback, effective language use, minimise cognitive load, preserve and safeguard data. The selection for the EHR system was not done at a corporate level only, clinicians were also included in the process. Videos from various vendors were viewed by the board at Wellness Healthcare and an elimination process followed based on the product description and the board’s analysis. Those left were circulated to different departments in the organization and opinions taken down. The videos were circulated to the physicians who would be using the system. The most appropriate system was then effected. The criteria used was as follows: the system must integrate with the outpatient care, technical support offered by the vendor in installation of the system and monitoring its function ability, its customization aptitudes for Wellness Healthcare procedures and its capability to keep up with technological developments in terms of software updating. The EHR system aids in providing better healthcare services through: provision of up-to-date information regarding patients’ medical data. Enabling quick access and retrieval of information regarding patients especially in emergency situations. Storing the data in a secure manner that reveals the information securely to the patients and the physicians. Accuracy through elimination of technical errors in recording of information, billing and streamlined coding and in so doing provide safer healthcare. Improving the provider-customer relation and convenience.

Is Virginia Woolf a Feminist Writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Virginia Woolf a Feminist Writer - Essay Example Does this style predispose Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer because she was female and wrote about issues that were important to women? Is she still a feminist if her emotional dependence upon men was greater than her intellectual dependence? Or through current retrospect, do we see her as a champion of feminism because she overcame the prevailing male attitudes within her family and society to write about what she thought was essential? Critics offer the opinion that â€Å"†¦her life has come to stand for a great deal; it has become a heavily loaded symbol in the current dialogues over gender, class, madness, and marriage. The famously gifted, original, neurotic, courageous, difficult, and very imperfect human being she once was has disappeared†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .Virginia Woolf gained prominence during the first-wave of political feminism in the early 20th century, but the major focus of this effort revolved around suffrage. She has been portrayed as a feminist, but her writing supports idealist views that humans, in general, should be free to pursue activities that make them whole, regardless of the sexual orientation, gender, or culture. Eyal Amirane asserts that biology is not destiny, and the use of specific language is not synonymous with having a feminist philosophy, â€Å"Thus feminist analysis can take a textual form that is not bound to the body, though it is already (always) about the body†¦it takes place not on the writer's body but in the body of the text†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .... synonymous with having a feminist philosophy, "Thus feminist analysis can take a textual form that is not bound to the body, though it is already (always) about the bodyit takes place not on the writer's body but in the body of the text" (Amirane, np). A writer can be of either sex, since art is created in the mind first, and passed through the body of the artist. When Woolf tells us that, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is going to write", she intimates to us that there is no need to establish a political philosophy, just the need for privacy and economic support. (Lavender, np). Woolf did not embrace a specific political ideology and was ambiguous about suffrage, but still believed in being feminine, and her definition meant assurance by allowing " women the fundamental right to control their own lives and income" (Allen, np). In Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa wants to perform purposeful roles-wife, mother, lover, and hostess, with aplomb. The role created for her character is one of a strong feminine tradition. She is artificial and shallow, but tries to be everything to everyone. Her party is a tribute to the prestige of her husband and family's reputation. Her selfish attitude and demeanor exemplify the divisions in social class, the acceptable exclusions, and how snobbish women can be towards each other. Clarissa is a strong protagonist and she is stereotypical in her assertions and behavior. We are privy to the inner emotional workings of the characters, but within the context of this novel these are not special or unique (Crawford, np). This novel might be considered an example feminine writing, but not feminism. This work does not espouse a feminism point of view. The context is about everyday life and events, plain and ordinary, and

Sports, Entertainment and Media after the 2nd World War Essay

Sports, Entertainment and Media after the 2nd World War - Essay Example By associating physicality with masculinity, certain sports/activities are labeled as either being masculine or feminine, depending upon the physical nature of the activity. Sports in which the use of body is forceful, dominating or aggressive, are considered fit for males because they are indicators of male power and thus, a definitive expression of physicality. But according to Lisa McDermott, physicality is suggested to be the complex interplay of the body perception, the agency and self-perception and is related to the qualitative understanding the lived-body as experienced and understood by the women when they are involved in sports or physical activities. To explore the meaning and significance the women derive from experiencing their bodies/themselves through these activities and the effects of these experiences greatly helps in shaping their understanding of their physicality beyond that of appearance in particular. By doing so she tries to help us understand the physical and social effect these experiences have on women in identifying themselves. In reference to the research carried out by Lisa McDermott; "Towards Understanding of Physicality, Within the Context of Women's Physically Active and Sporting Lives," this paper will examine female physicality in relation to sports and my chosen game; "Netball." It will discuss how society and media projects and labels certain sports only for males and how the females are subjected to unequal status as being physically weak. The paper will also look into the gender relations based on social and cultural norms. The last part will assess, to which extent; taking part in physical sport has changed the concept of female physicality, subjectivity and gender relations in relation to the existing social norms. Sports and gender Sports in the minds of many, is considered a "gendered" activity which reinforces male power. The stereotyping of the so called "biological difference" between males and females in the past w as used as the basis of exclusion of females from sport. Within the literature of sport sociology, we often find physicality linked with power related to physical power and masculinity. Even though the postmodern society holds out the likelihood of a post-gender society, gender as a system signifying differential values still exists (Firat, 1994) with sport such as rugby, football, ice hockey or boxing, and women still looked at as wives and mothers. An example in this respect is golf, where mothers on golf courses are more likely to be labeled deviant and asked to account for the care of their families than fathers on golf courses (West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman, 1987). Although there are other sports which reflect physical strength and women are actively participate in them, but I'll discuss netball here in relation to physicality. Netball as a sport, which was earlier cited as only for females, entered a new era after the 70s when it began to be restructured into a profession ally administrated sporting organization and better funding.

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham As Arden of Faversham opens the audience is aware that the crime dramatised is a fait accompli; thus the bulk of the play is suspended between the perspicacity of Ardens murder and its inevitable realization. Several failed attempts are made to murder Arden and again in Scene xiii Arden escapes injury during his clash with Mosby. This extended deferment is crucial to the objectives of the play, permitting an exploration of both motives and character; exploring tensions surrounding the essence of marriage and Renaissance social structure, it demonstrates Alice as challenging the conventions of Elizabethan society through her standpoint on marriage and religion; and points to Arden as contradicting perceived male roles. Alice begins her seduction employing the language of lovers: thou and thee emphasis the intimacy of marriage in Alices first question: Couldst thou not see us friendly smile on thee? The adjective, simultaneously, an ironic clue to Alice and Mosbys true intentions. Continuing with her strategy of interrogation; Alice poses several rhetorical questions, diverting attention from her own indiscretion, to accuse Arden of imprudence and mistrust: Hast thou not lately found me over-kind? / Didst thou not hear me cry they murder thee? / Called I not help to set my husband free? The manipulation of sentence structure is reflective of Alices intensions; the pleonasm over-kind testament to Alices efforts to appease Arden whilst at the same time suggestive of the charade she is playing. The culminating rhyming couplet lays emphasis to both her attempt to engender Ardens trust and the link between her lack of sexual freedom and Arden. Confirming her disloyal nature, Alice is willing to allow Ard en to see Mosby, Shakebag and BlackWill as treacherous whilst she protests her innocence. The power dynamic at play here is reminiscent of the exchange between Alice and Mosby in Scene 1 Line 175 225; Alice cunning and manipulative works to dominate. Alices duplicity, both chilling and enthralling at the same time, is further enhanced by the fact that Alices role would have been played by a boy on the Elizabethan stage a reflection on how women were often presented by playwrights of the time. Lines 108 -111, heavily accented through antithesis and anaphora, too emphasise this duplicity: If I be merry, thou straightways thinks me light; If sad, thou sayest the sullens trouble me; If well attrired, thou thinks I will be gadding; If homely, I seem sluttish in thine eye. The parallel juxtaposition in each line allows Alice to present herself in a positive light as merry; sad; well attired and homely and then counter each declaration with an accusation that Arden regards her as light; sullen; gadding and sluttish. These are not accusations Arden has voiced against Alice but accusations Alice is charging him with making. The anaphoric repetition of the conjunctive marks the irony inherent in Alices presentation of these two versions of herself; antithesis emphasising the disparity between these two versions. Claiming that there is nothing she can do to change Ardens unjust opinion of her, Alice quick to play the victim, equates her life to a living death, heavily emphasised through rhyme and synecdoche: I seem sluttish in thine eye / Thus am I still, and shall be while I die, / Poor wench abused by thy misgovernment. Accusation Arden of treating her as if she were of a lower social standing, Alice claims she is ill-treated and poorly presided over; end ing the line with the word she most wants to stress her misgovernment; alluding to Ardens lack of authority as head of the household and, read in a boarder context, her thoughts on marriage. Love is God and marriage is but words, Alices words in Scene 1 Line 101-102 confirm that she believes love to be of greater significance than marriage; reinforced when she claims: Oaths are words, and words is wind. One of the principally explored themes in Arden of Faversham is the Renaissance perception of marriage. Alice likens her role as wife to that of slave: Henceforth Ill be thy slave, no more thy wife. Syntactic placement and rhythm lay further emphasis on the metaphor. The rhetoric of slavery is further expounded in line 105; the Paronomasia emphasising the imagery of a chain and Alice as enslaved by Arden. Alices exclamation here marks a tonal shift, her strategy changes from persuading Arden to doubt himself to a dramatic passionate outburst when she exclaims No, ears and all were witched. Ah me accursed, / To link in liking with a frantic man! Alices protestations are further embellished with an analogy to witchcraft, the syntax accursed at the end of the line emphasis ing Alices claim that she is cursed and chained, alliteration laying focus on her enslavement to a frantic man whos senses (ears) are bewitched. As Alice becomes more passionate so Arden becomes more compliant. Alliteration and rhythm stress the irony in line 107: For with that name I never shall content thee. On the one hand Alice claims Arden will never be content with her as a wife because what he really wants is a slave, but Alice too will never be content as long as she shares Ardens name. Alices challenge to marriage can be expounded to include Elizabethan ideology, a world view suspended from a strict social structure monarch as head of state; husband as head of the household. In Elizabethan England, to kill ones husband was a political crime; it struck to heart of Renaissance Ideology and questioned the Elizabethan patriarchal dominant configuration. Alices appeal to a need for sexual freedom is central to her motivation as upheld by her words in Scene 1 Line 274-276: But Mosbys love. / Might I without control / Enjoy thee still, then Arden should not die. On some level Alice holds not only Arden but Elizabethan society at large responsible for her transgressions; if she were not bound by a loveless marriage she would not be false, manipulative and murderous. In some respects this two reflects the idea that Arden is in some sense to blame for his own death. Alices response to Arden in line 116: The heavens can witness of our harmless thoughts would have been considered blasphemous by an Elizabethan audience. Again alliteration draws attention to Alices reference to heaven, and since the audience is aware of her falsehood also to her lack of reverence for all that the concept signifies; challenging ideas of providence. Challenges to the existing social order recur as a predominant thread throughout the play. An Elizabethan mans social standing could be influenced by his wifes chastity and sexual integrity; in light of this Arden would have been viewed as a Cuckold; implying public scandal and raising disquieting social and political intimation. Arden appears to be a fundamentally conflicted character as on the one hand he appears to be a naive cuckold, whilst on the other he is described as a man of affairs, worldly and proficient. Unremittingly ambitious, Arden is arrogant and regards his social standing above Mosby as proof that he is the better man. It is Mosbys taunting of Ardens horns which sparks the violent altercation immediately preceding this extract. Ardens motives speak to his true feelings for Alice; Arden does not fight Mosby to retain Alice, but rather to protect his social standing; lending justification to Alices notion of a loveless marriage. In this light Arden is show as both vi ctim and villain. Ardens response to Alices accusations is as Alice intended it to be, he doubts himself: But is it for truth that neither thou nor he / Intendedst malice in your misdemeanour? Alliteration highlights the contrast between malice and misdemeanour again there is the sense of weighing up the situation. Arden is convinced by Alices ploy; thereby confirming his Cuckoldry and apparent gullibility in the face of his wifes affair with Mosby. Arden would be seen by an Elizabethan viewer as relinquishing appropriate control of his household thereby committing a disloyalty to the conventional notion of masculine status and undermining social parameters. Ardens complacence raises questions as to his motives for assuaging Alice, appeasing her for the sake of her social standing and wealth, a consequence of his ambition and materialism. Alice describes Arden as frantic a man distracted by emotion might Alice here be referring not only to Ardens suspicions but also to his pursui t of materialism? Ardens situation is summed up in more ways than one in lines 117 -120. He implores Alice to pardon him and, stressed by alliteration, to forgive and forget his fault. Ironically his fault is not in accusing Alice but in forgiving her. He goes even further to suggest that Alice Impose [me] penance, and I will perform it, once more highlighted through alliteration; Alice plans to extract the ultimate penance from Arden, the irony further developed in lines 120-122, accentuated through the triplex: For in thy discontent I find a death, / A death tormenting more than death itself. It is precisely Ardens complacence and Alices discontent and that will lead to his death.

Ethics of Human Cloning Essays -- Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Arg

Ethics of Human Cloning    On February 23, 1997 Dolly the lamb was literally made. She is not the work of nature or nature's God but of man, and Englishman, Ian Wilmut, and his fellow scientists. Dolly came into being not only asexually but also as the genetically identical copy of mature ewe, of whom she is a clone. When the startling news was heard throughout the world, there seemed to be substantial debate over the issue since it would open the doors for the possibility of human cloning. Most of the concerns that the opponents have emphasized in the debates have been ethical ones, yet there is not one clear answer to this issue. (McCarthy, 1999, 98) The first effect of the Dolly announcement was to fire the public imagination. Commentators were quick to speculate about the possibility of cloning a human. The Los Angeles Times opined that such a discovery" opens the door to a "blade Runner" world of human replicants. The Wall Street Journal asked business leaders and newsmakers whether they would like to have themselves cloned. Feminists observed that the technique finally made the men superfluous. (Wilder,1999,p180) Even though the cloning of Dolly seems to be unique to the public, yet not in the history of the scientific world. The word "clone" comes from the Greek for twig, and horticulturists have been taking cuttings and growing new plants from them for centuries. The word came into current usage when the renowned British biologist J.B.S. Haldane suggested in 1963 that it would be soon possible to create genetic duplicates of plants, animals, and even humans. The populace has neglected that roughly thirty years ago, it became public that a clutch of tadpoles was cloned in England through a... ...are to Hong Kong." From the government to the scientists, there is no clear answer in what they believe in human cloning, which this paper has showed. Even though I have researched this topic a great deal, I still have not figured out what the public as whole stand is on this issue,    Work Cited Burley, Justine; Harris, John 1999) Human Cloning. Journal of Medical Ethics v25 pg108 Edwords, Fred (1999) How Biotechnology is transforming what we believe in and how we live. Humanist v59 pg23. McCarthy, David (1999) Human Cloning. Journal Of Medical Ethics v25 pg. 98 Miele, Frank (1999) How close are we to cloning time. Skeptic v7 pg48. Wilder, Bruce (1999) From Bastardy to Cloning: Adaptations of Legal Thought for Unorthodox Reproduction. Human Rights Journal of the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities v154 p80.

Personal Views on Globalization and Cultural Identity Essay

The concept of the world as one community has, in recent years, turned into a growing trend not only in business but in practically all facets of activity. Globalization has, in fact, fast-tracked the integration of cultural minorities or migrants into the mainstream society of so many countries, including the United States of America. For instance, the United States today is on the verge of installing a new breed of leader. This will be made possible by the winning of South African-American candidate Barack Obama as the nation’s 44th President. This means the country has truly gone a long way. While before only â€Å"white† citizens are elected President, the U. S. now has reached a very liberal sense of nationhood. Perhaps, this is a result of decades of continuously allowing Americans to inter-marry with other nationals and its open admission into the country of migrant businessmen, workers and students. These so-called cross-boarder alternatives are attributed to globalization which is a strategy that paved the way for both weak and strong governments to open up their respective countries worldwide. In order to have a level playing field, opening up of economies resulted into privatization of main sectors of the economy such as public services and deregulation of vital businesses. But while globalization has become a norm of life, there is still a conscious effort to preserve the American culture in the same way as what the other countries are doing. Preserving the cultural heritage or identity of a nation should be taken as a continuing process and should not be left obliterated by globalization. Due to globalization, world trade has become more competitive unlike in the past where only a few countries controlled it. Today, even the previously â€Å"closed economy† of China has gained great in-roads into the world market, including the American market for that matter. Nonetheless, as emphasized by the global financial crisis, globalization has apparently just put more limit on the worldwide market and deteriorated the financial surplus. With the U. S. being a melting pot of the various cultures of the world, the impact of globalization appears more beneficial than a threat to the economy and the nation itself. These various cultures brought into the country by migrants have been successfully assimilated into the American way of life. Concrete examples are the various Asian cultures and business activities that truly helped in the growth of U. S. as a showcase for globalization. Professionals from other countries helped Americans in the delivery of modern health care while Japanese investors have awakened local manufacturers into redesigning products to fit into present needs and standards. The entry of a lot of migrants into the country, in fact, enriched American culture. It has developed the once â€Å"purist† nation into a global leader with a greatly tempered concept of supremacy. Whereas before Americans dictate the terms and conditionality in business transactions, today it has accepted and embraced fair trade practices. Maybe because in hundreds of years in dealing with other cultures, the U. S. has accepted the reality that it must co-exist with other nations and cultures. Otherwise, its very own existence could be in serious jeopardy. Its humiliating experience with the invasion of Iraq, for instance, made America learned that despite its modern technology and warfare faculties it can’t easily subdue a developing country without the cooperation of other countries and cultures. This makes globalization a positive option to prevent future tendencies of adventurism by nations like the U. S. With its failure in Iraq and the meltdown of its economy in recent months should make its leaders rethink its foreign policy, view on globalization and the need to respect the cultural identities of other civilizations. Globalization, therefore, should not be taken as an instrument to wipe out cultural identities of nations but rather it can be availed as a common bridge towards better understanding and in the process advance the cause of world peace.

Meeting Suspense Dates

Meeting Suspense Dates Introduction It is of utmost importance to meet all important obligations either official or unofficial in time. In order to do this, time management, and organization is necessary to ensure that everything is done according to the timeline. Sometimes it becomes necessary to show commitment to given deadline and in such cases suspense dates are set. Whether suspense dates are legal or official obligation, it is important to meet them. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of meeting suspense dates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meeting Suspense Dates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Suspense Date According to Smith and Gersteinâ€Å"Suspense is a deadline that cannot be violated unless prior to the original suspense date†(Smith and Gerstein, 2007). In legal field suspense dates refer to a given time in which a provision to perform or renegotiate a certain task ceases to exist. For instancean army offic er might be given a suspense date within which he is supposed to claim work benefits despite being out of service for various reasons. In the office set up suspense date may exist when an employee is given an ultimatum to overseecompletion of a given task within stipulated time. The main reason of meeting suspense date is to avoid corresponding penalties. Some suspense dates have fines attached to them to ensure that the intended respondent reacts to them in time and as such meeting such dates is important. Whenever possible, it is important torequest for deadline extension in case the time limit is not within your means. It is important to meet suspense dates issued by other companies in order to protect the integrity of your company or organization. This is because business partnersbuild trust and confidence depending on how you respond and meet their deadlines. Suspense dates are also issued by service providers such as public libraries. Meeting such suspense dates is important t o enable such organizations to provide services such as books to other people as well. When suspense dates are associated with work flow, it becomes imperative to meet them in order to avoid work loading at one department. When suspense dates are met work flow becomes smooth and other departments do not have to stay idle waiting for others to complete their tasks hence improving efficiency. Meeting suspense dates way ahead of time is important in order to avoid last minute surprises. Due to uncertainties of life, something may happen during the last minute making it impossible to meet suspense dates. To avoid these inconveniences, suspense date obligations should be met way ahead of time or an extension requested when necessary.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, some suspense dates are legally binding. This means that failure to meet such deadlines will result to legal implications. For instance, a situation may arise demanding supplying the court with information or piece of evidence within a given period to allow further investigations. Failing to meet such suspense dates may render evidence obsolete or may attract a fine or a court charge. Thus it becomes very important to meet such suspense dates. Conclusion Conclusively, meeting suspense dates is very important not only to the person obligated to meet them but the other party as well. It ensures that fines involved with such dates are avoided. It ensures that work organization is efficient and also helps in maintaining confidence and trust with the parties involved. These and other reasons are sufficient enough to express the importance of meeting suspense dates. Smith,Perryand Gerstein,Daniel. Assignment: Pentagon: How to Excel in a Bureaucracy. New York, NY: Potomac Books, 2007.

Racial Propositions a Book by Daniel HoSang

Racial Propositions a Book by Daniel HoSang The author of the book unravels some important principles regarding California’s electoral laws for approximately fifty years ago. The scholar argues that citizens of California were tough on immigrants because they could pass laws that barred them from enjoying public services such as health care and free education (HoSang 11).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on â€Å"Racial Propositions† a Book by Daniel HoSang specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author observes that undocumented immigrants could not access free services, apart from being harassed. Leaders in California went ahead to repeal programs that aimed at offering services to the public free of charge. The same policies had been passed as part of the affirmative action to end poverty and human suffering within the state. Academic sector was affected because bilingual education was done away with. The researcher notes that the state was end owed with many civil rights movements, multicultural population and liberal political culture. The scholar wonders why leaders would decide to come up with repressive and discriminatory laws in a region that enjoyed a diverse populace. He finally concludes that the nation is not yet appreciative of cultural diversity because laws designed tend to favor the whites and not other races. The author digs deeper to analyze how political ideologies shape policies in any given political arena. He posits that there is something more than a mere conservative-liberal divide. In this regard, the scholar notes that racial inequality is a matter of concern in the country even after the Civil War. He asserts that measures taken by leaders in California show a proposition pertaining to race and racism. Through his analysis, it is clearly understood that racial distinctiveness, inequity and power shapes decision-making processes in any political system. Though the writer presents American character as comprising of a single conflict, his works are valid in understanding American politics. Through review, it is established that blacks and other races have not enjoyed the spoils of society even after the war. The postwar analysis indicates that racism and ethnicity is a big problem to policy makers in America. Leaders are forced to bow down to the wishes of the majority, who are always the whites. Other races are not taken care of because they do not have representatives in government to lobby for them. The scholar analyzes power in a different way. He underscores the fact that power is a relational concept as observed by other scholars. The whites dominate the society implying that other races exist at the mercy of the white race.Advertising Looking for book review on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The black race is perpetually subordinated and subjugated because they are never allowed to own p roperty. In this case, the whites are the bourgeoisies who own everything while the poor are the proletariat, who own their cheap labor. The rich individuals in society use their power and resources to obtain state power and authority. Such powers are further utilized in effecting domination and control. Other races are left with no alternative other than working hard to fulfill their objectives. In industries, workers are alienated, exploited and undermined. These categories are usually races from inferior communities such as Africans and Asians. Inferior races are only allowed time for exercising animal related duties such as eating, sleeping and procreating. The white race, which is dominant, enjoys services such as recreation and travelling to various places. The findings of HoSang are applicable in postwar America because other races continue suffering as the dominant races continue enjoying societal resources. Policies made are always favorable to the white race. For instance, the recent Arizona bill shows that states are still racially controlled. Immigration laws favor the whites, which give them an opportunity to exercise their democratic right of voting. HoSang, Martinez. Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

Better Use Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques for Auditing Essay

Better Use Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques for Auditing - Essay Example The aim of this project is to give a better understanding of CAATs; this is further supported by practical illustrations and examples of CAATs. To start any audit, understanding and knowledge of the business should be gained during the planning stage. This knowledge of the business helps in analyzing the internal control systems, and then it is decided whether or not to rely on the internal control system. It is later decided upon the nature of the client and its system to use CAATs. The advantages of CAATs clearly outweigh its disadvantages and this technique clearly has an upper hand when it comes to processing large amounts of data. The other issue in this paper is the concern of using this technique after having proper analysis of the business being audited. Finally, the paper is concluded by pointing out that its benefits clearly outweigh its risk, how to plan for using the CAATs and recommended training of an IT audit specialist. Auditing is the process by which something is examined with a view to form an opinion. This allows users of that opinion to gain assurance that the opinion, process, or the information gathered can be trusted. The purpose of assurance services is to increase the confidence and reduce the risk of the user of those services. The main objective of auditing is to ensure that financial statements are free from material misstatement and are presented fairly by the management. An auditor carries out two types of assurance engagements, with one being the reasonable assurance engagement and the other being the limited assurance engagement. When giving out a reasonable assurance engagement, the auditor gathers sufficient and appropriate evidence to support the conclusion, as well as making it stronger. On the other hand, a limited assurance engagement gives out a negative assurance report and the evidence gathered in an assurance engagement is only related to the specific subject matter that is being audited

Work of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work of Art - Essay Example A southern-born artist, Louis Rmy Mignot painted this view Niagara after he had moved to London during the Civil War. Before leaving the United States in 1862, he had sketched at Niagara Falls, perhaps with the idea of exhibiting an ambitious canvas before an English audience." (Niagara) The view of this work of art has been taken from the Horseshoe Falls, it is an oil on canvas work of art. The signature of the artist can be found on the right hand side corner of the work of art. American identity has been presented in this work of art, it also represents a new look of the American society. Traditional framing devices have been used in this work of art. This work of art falls under the American Art and it predominantly represents the American Society. "At first glance, Song and Yuan landscapes seem to conform to a narrow set of compositional types, with requisite central mountains, hidden temples, and scholars strolling along a path. In fact, the landscape tradition developed slowly as painters gained technical facility and consciously chose to allude to earlier styles or bring out philosophical or political ideas in their work." (Northern Song) Central Majestic Mountain has been portrayed in this work of art; it is unlike the Niagara Falls. The foreground is conspicuous and it is presented at the eye level, it has been painted with crisp and very well defined brush strokes by the artists.

A German Retailing Icon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A German Retailing Icon - Essay Example These strategies are strongly in line with the company’s goal to provide offerings at lower cost but with high quality standard. The reason why customers should buy the products of Aldi is due to the firm’s success in instilling products into the market at a lower cost but with high quality standard. This is just a way of saying that at a lower cost, Aldi does not compromise the quality of its products. This can be the company’s competitive edge and it adds value to its value particularly for those customers who are after of good quality at a reasonable price. Aldi’s lines of offerings are viewed cheaper but of high quality and this perception has significantly created specific value to particular customers. 2. How are different components of Aldi’s retail strategy aligned with one another? Answer As mentioned in the case, Aldi tries to apply limited assortment for its merchandise and it particularly adheres to principle that the increase of item actually increases expenditure (Aldi: A German Retailing Icon 3). Product pricing for Aldi’s offerings is said to be 20 to 30 percent below those of regular supermarkets (3-4). Its basic design for store and open display adhere to one of its core principles, simplicity at a minimal cost (2). The communication of its products is said to apply minimal ads through its flyers and website (3-4). Its location is particularly located off land which is its own so as to ensure minimizing cost (4). Its service is through fast check out through cash and there is inclusion of entertaining returns at high speed (5). The case of Aldi simply shows that in maintaining overall cost leadership as its competitive strategy, there is a need to actually control the costs that have to be incurred in the operation. It is clear that in order for Aldi t o come up with lower cost but not to sacrifice quality of service and product offering, there is a need to consider minimizing costs that are not actually creating significant impact on product quality. This is how in particular the different components of Aldi’s strategy are aligned with each other. 3. Explain the key internal and external reasons why the company has been so successful over the past decades. Answer Aldi’s success over the past decades is due to its successful entry in the market. Part of this successful entry is its proper aligning of the different components in its retail strategy. As an effect, Aldi is creating competitive strategy which is remarkably in line with overall cost leadership. This in particular has created value not just to the company but to the customers who are after of cheaper products but with high quality. Thus, this enables the company to come up with products that are highly differentiated when it comes to price and quality. The extent of this is the achievement of specific market focus which is a market segment that over time, Aldi is willing to serve with its line of offerings. Over the course of time, this develops customer loyalty as one of Aldi’s external factors for success. This customer loyalty is a sustainable competitive advantage of the company and through this; the company has remarkably gained high buying power which means that it can further demand for low price. In return, this added to the capacity of the company to maintain its competitive edge when it comes to overall cost leadership. As it can be observed, the combined effects of both external and internal factors for Aldi’

Indigenous Tribes of Latin America Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Tribes of Latin America Essay Throughout the world, when new lands were conquered, old customs would be lost. However, in Latin America, a great deal of their indigenous tribes not only survived being conquered, they are still around today. Different regions of Latin America are home to different peoples and many tribes are part of ancient full-fledged kingdoms. Some of these kingdoms are among the most well-known in the world. The Meso-American native peoples make Latin America famous. These peoples include the Aztecs and Mayans. The Aztecs are most famous for their mathematical prowess and their calendars are exceptionally accurate. Meanwhile, the Mayans are known for creating a fully-written language and making amazing advancements in the fields or mathematics, astronomy, art and architecture. Their calendar is also well-known. The development of the Aztec language, or Nahuatl played an important role in their civilization. Pictographs were used to represent their written language. The language, both written and spoken, was important in completing business arrangements and in keeping track of family and cultural histories. The Aztec language was also used to create beautiful poetry used in rituals and ceremonies. Many Aztec customs relied on the use of their language, as did the passing down of their legends and beliefs from one generation to the next. Maya culture developed in three regions in Mesoamerica. By far the most important and most complete urban development occurred in the lowlands in the central region of southern Guatemala. The southernmost Mayan city was Copan in northern Honduras. The other major region of Mayan development was the Yucatan peninsula making up the southern and eastern portions of modern-day Mexico. The principal food of the Mayas was maize and maize production was the central economic activity. The people indigenous to the Caribbean include a few groups. These groups include the Taino people, who live in what is now known as Puerto Rico. The Taino were seafaring people whose largest towns contained around 3,000 people each which were considered immense in those times. The Arawak people of South America began migrating northward along the many scattered islands located between South and North America, an area we now refer to as the Caribbean. For a thousand years their population grew and the people lived in harmony. The people covered all the islands of the Caribbean, the major ones as they are now known: Cuba, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola as well as all the smaller ones: the Bahamas, Bimini, Jamaica etc. Certain groups of island people identified themselves as Lokono, Lucayan, Carib, Ciboney, Arawak, but most islands were primarily inhabited by people who called themselves Taino, which stood for the good people in their language. The different groups intermarried extensively to strengthen ties amongst themselves. They were aware of a Divine presence that they called Yocahu, and to worship and give thanks was a major part of their lives. They had a social order that provided the leaders and guidelines by which they all lived. They hunted, fished, cultivated crops and ate the abundant fruits provided by nature. They were clever and ingenious and had everything they needed to survive. They had beautiful ceremonies that were held at various times birth, death, marriage, harvest, naming and coming of age, to name a few. They had special reverence for the Earth Mother and had respect for all living things knowing that all living things are connected. There was little need for clothing due to the tropic heat, but upon reaching puberty both males and females would wear a small woven loincloth. Puberty was also the time at which they were considered old enough to be married. The population estimates for the Taino people at the height of their culture are as high as 8,000,000. That was in 1492. The Indigenous people of the Andes include many different ethnic groups and were among the first groups discovered by Christopher Columbus who called them â€Å"indios. † However, the most famous tribe in the Andes is the Incan tribe. Their language, Quechua is still in use today. The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of these small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the Quechuas. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century. The Inca were warriors with a strong and powerful army. Because of the fierceness of their army and their hierarchical organization, they became the largest Native American society. Quechua is the most widely spoken language and was the language of the Inca Empire. Tropical rainforests have long been home to indigenous peoples who have shaped civilizations and cultures based on the environment in which they live. Great civilizations like the Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs developed complex societies and made great contributions to science. Living from nature and lacking the technology to dominate their environment, native peoples have learned to watch their surroundings and understand the intricacies of the rainforest. Over generations these people have learned the importance of living within their environment and have come to rely on the countless renewable benefits that forests can provide. In Peru, it is estimated that there are at least 15 uncontacted tribes living in remote areas of the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest. These include the Tagaeri, Taromenane, uncontacted Matses, Cabellos Largos, Cashibo-Cacataibo, Isconahua, Murunahua, Mashco-Piro, Kugapakori, Nahua, Matsigenka, Mastanahua, Nanti and Yora tribes. Of an estimated 100 uncontacted tribes worldwide, about half of these people living in isolation from the rest of the world are thought to live in Peru and neighboring Brazil. After Brazil, Peru has the largest number of uncontacted tribes and people living in isolation in the world. There are nine principal areas in Peru where indigenous people are thought to be living in isolation. Most of these uncontacted indigenous Amazonians are believed to live in the remote border region of Peru with Brazil. Recently, the Brazilian government released photographic evidence that uncontacted Amazonian natives still exist in the area of the Peruvian border with Brazil. These natives with long hair are called the Cabellos Largos. The Matses tribe has many hunting camps scattered in and around their lands in Peru and Brazil in the Javari River Valley. These hunting camps are only occupied for several months out of the year and usually have huts and cultivated gardens with indigenous crops such as plantains and cassava. Recently, the Matses have reported several encounters of long-haired uncontacted natives who have been harvesting some of the Matses gardens at these isolated hunting camps in the southernmost range of their territory in Peru. None of the males of previously contacted tribes in the Javari Valley sport long hair. In fact, tribes such as the Matses, Matis, Korubos and Marubos are renowned for having very short hair. Hence, the Matses referring to this uncontacted tribe as the Cabellos Largos, or the â€Å"Long-Haired People. † Uncontacted natives, related to the Cashibo-Cacataibo tribe, are thought to live in the area north of Tingo Maria in the foothills of the Andes Mountains. The Cashibo-Cacataibos speak a language in the Pano linguistic family and the word Cashibo means bat. A group of the Cashibo-Cacataibos has chosen to live apart from the outside world by voluntarily isolating themselves. They live in the headwaters of the Aguaytia, Pisqui and San Alejandro Rivers in and around the Cordillera Azul National Park. These indigenous Amazonians are sometimes referred to as the Cacataibos in isolation or the Camanos. Cashibo-Cacataibo natives in isolation know about the outside world and have chosen to live apart from it voluntarily. Many indigenous tribes in South America have survived to this day, and most of their cultures are still intact. Their languages are still spoken and their customs are still practiced and passed down to their children and it’s even easy to find people from these tribes living very close to modern cities. They live without most modern conveniences and annoying hassles like criminal background checks and embrace their roots. ? References: The Aztecs – Introduction to the Aztec Civilization and Cultures. Retrieved on October 3, 2010 from http://www. aztec-indians. com/ The Taino Indians – Native Americans of the Caribbean. Retrieved on October 2, 2010 from http://www. healing-arts. org/spider/tainoindians. htm Baniwa-Curripaco-Wakuenai – History and Cultural Relations. Retrieved on October 3, 2010 from http://www. everyculture. com/South-America/Baniwa-Curripaco-Wakuenai-History-and-Cultural-Relations. html Central and Southern Andes. Retrieved on October 1, 2010 from http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/ht/?period=08 ®ion=sanc#/Overview Minnesota State University. Inca. Retrieved on October 3, 2010 from http://www. mnsu. edu/emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/inca. html Pantone, Dan James. Welcome to Amazon-Indians. Retrieved on October 4, 2010 from http://www. amazon-indians. org Mariqueo, Reynaldo Calbucura, Jorge. The Mapuche Nation. Retrieved October 2, 2010 http://www. mapuche-nation. org/english/main/feature/m_nation. htm USA People Search. Native Peoples of Latin America. Retrieved October 4, 2010 http://www. usa-people-search. com/content-native-peoples-of-latin-america. aspx.

Voluntary turnover

Voluntary turnover CHAPTER NO.1 Introduction Background 1.01 Employee turnover is a much-studied phenomenon. There is a vast literature on the causes of voluntary employee turnover dating back to the 1950s. 1.02 Voluntary turnover is a major problem for many organizations in many Asian countries (Barnett, 1995; Chang, 1996; Syrett, 1994). Employee turnover is giving sleepless nights to human resource managers in many countries in Asia (Naresh Khatri). Organizations are spending lots of money to reduce employee turnover. Employee turnover is also one of the issues faced by many organizations in Pakistan. Objective of the Research Study 1.03 The objective of the study is to know the factors of employee turnover, why employee quit the jobs and leave the organizations and which factor influence the most while leaving the organization. 1.04 The objective of the study is to know the factors, which influence the most in employee turnover in, call center industry in Pakistan. Problem statement 1.05 What are the factors of employee turnover in the organizations? Research Questions a) What are the reasons; employees quit their jobs and leave the organizations? b) What is the role of the factors (alternatives, intention to quit, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, wages and conditions, employee characteristics, training and development and influence of co-workers) in employee turnover? c) Which factors cause the most in the employee turnover? Rational Of the Study 1.06 The purpose of the research study â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to help out the managers to figure out the factors of employee turnover in the organizations. So that the managers easily can find, why employee is leaving the organization? According to the results they can make the plans to reduce the employee turnover in the organizations. Definitions of the Terms 1.07 â€Å"Employee turnover is defined as, the ratio of number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers†. CHAPTER NO 2 Literature Review 2.1 Over time there have been a number of factors that appear to be consistently linked to turnover. An early review article of studies on turnover by Mobley (1979) revealed that age, tenure, overall satisfaction, job content, intentions to remain on the job, and commitment were all negatively related to turnover (i.e. the higher the variable, the lower the turnover). In 1995, a meta-analysis of some 800-turnover studies was conducted by Hom and Griffith, which was recently updated (Griffith, 2000). Their analysis confirmed some well-established findings on the causes of turnover. These include: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, comparison of alternatives and intention to quit. 2.2 The top factor cited in most studies is low compensation and inadequate benefits. Lack of appreciation and feeling that the employer values the employees contributions also ranks high on the list of reasons for employee turnover. Another contributing factor to employee turnover is poor management. This includes such factors as poor communication from leadership, lack of training, too much change, lack of resources necessary to do the job, lack of recognition that an employee is dissatisfied with career development opportunities, harassment, demeaning behavior, and a lack of flexibility toward employees. Lifestyle changes, such as the transfer of a spouse, birth of a child, or the need for a shorter commute will also cause employee turnover. (Kathleen Goolsby) 2.3 Some variables and factors are examined and discussed in more detail below. Comparison of Alternatives 2.4 The comparison of alternatives is a factor that plays a role in employee turnover. The relationship between alternatives and turnover on an individual level has been researched widely since March Simons 1958 seminal work on ease of movement. 2.5 Much of the subsequent research focused on the link between job satisfaction, perceived alternative opportunities and turnover. Later, researchers began to focus on the role of both actual and perceived opportunities in explaining individual turnover decisions. 2.6 Subsequent research has indicated that actual alternatives are a better predictor of individual turnover than perceived opportunities. Research on the impact of unemployment rates as a proxy for actual opportunities in employee turnover revealed that unemployment rates affected the job-satisfaction/turnover intent relationship but not actual turnover (Kirschenbaum Mano-Negrin, 1999). They concluded that macro level analysis predicted turnover patterns but perceptions of opportunities did not. This point was reinforced in their study on medical centers in various locations used measures of perceived and objective opportunities in internal and external labor markets. The authors concluded that objectives opportunities were a better set of explanations of actual turnover behavior than either perceived internal or external labor market opportunities. 2.7 Nevertheless, while actual alternatives appear to be a better predictor of turnover, there is also well-established evidence of the link between perceived alternatives and actual turnover. In their most recent meta-analysis, Griffith (2000) confirmed that perceived alternatives modestly predict turnover. Intentions to Quit 2.8 Intension to quit is one of the factors that play a role in employee turnover. Mobley (1979) noted that the relationship between intentions and turnover is consistent and generally stronger than the satisfaction-turnover relationship, although it still accounted for less than a quarter of the variability in turnover. Much of the research on perceived opportunities has been found to be associated with intentions to leave but not actual turnover (Kirschenbaum Mano-Negrin, 1999). Organizational Commitment 2.9 Many studies have reported a significant association between organizational commitment and turnover intentions (Lum, 1998). Tangs (2000) study confirmed the link between commitment and actual turnover and Griffiths (2000) analysis showed that organizational commitment was a better predictor of turnover than overall job satisfaction. 2.10 Researchers have established that there are different types of organizational commitment. Allen Meyer (1990) investigated the nature of the link between turnover and the three components of attitudinal commitment: affective commitment refers to employees emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization; continuance commitment refers to commitment base on costs that employees associate with leaving the organization; and normative commitment refers to employees feelings of obligation to remain with the organization. Simply, employees with strong affective commitment stay with an organization because they want, those with strong continuance commitment stay because they need to, and those with strong normative commitment stay because they feel they ought to. Allen and Meyers study indicated that all three components of commitment were a negative indicator of turnover. In general, most research has found affective commitment to be the most decisive va riable linked to turnover. Job Satisfaction 2.11 The relationship between satisfaction and turnover has been consistently found in many turnover studies (Lum, 1998). Mobley 1979 indicated that overall job satisfaction is negatively linked to turnover but explained little of the variability in turnover. Griffith (2000) found that overall job satisfaction modestly predicted turnover. In a recent New Zealand study, Boxall (2003) found the main reason by far for people leaving their employer was for more interesting work elsewhere. It is generally accepted that the effect of job satisfaction on turnover is less than that of organizational commitment. Characteristics of Employees 2.12 Despite a wealth of research, there appear to be few characteristics that meaningfully predict turnover, the exceptions being age and tenure. Age is found to be negatively related to turnover (i.e. the older a person, the less likely they are to leave an organization). However, age alone explains little of the variability in turnover and as age is linked to many other factors, alone it contributes little to the understanding of turnover behavior. 2.13 Tenure is also negatively related to turnover (the longer a person is with an organization, the more likely they are to stay). Mangione in Mobley concluded that length of service is one of the best single predictors of turnover.; Griffith also found that age and tenure have a negative relationship to turnover. 2.14 There is little evidence of a persons sex being linked to turnover. Griffiths 2000 meta-analysis re-examined various personal characteristics that may be linked to turnover. They concluded that there were no differences between the quit rates of men and women. They also cited evidence that gender moderates the age-turnover relationship (i.e. women are more likely to remain in their job the older they get, than do men). They also found no link between intelligence and turnover, and none between race and turnover. Wages and Conditions 2.15 Wages and conditions is one of the variables of the employee turnover. Mobley (1979) concluded that results from studies on the role of pay in turnover were mixed but that often there was no relationship between pay and turnover. Other studies found no significant relationship. 2.16 On the other hand Campion (1991) cited in Tang suggests that the most important reason for voluntary turnover is higher wages/career opportunity. Martin (2003) investigates the determinants of labor turnover using establishment-level survey data for the UK. Martin indicated that there is an inverse relationship between relative wages and turnover (i.e. establishments with higher relative pay had lower turnover). Pay and Performance 2.17 Griffith (2000) noted pay and pay-related variables have a modest effect on turnover. Their analysis also included studies that examined the relationship between pay, a persons performance and turnover. They concluded that when high performers are insufficiently rewarded, they leave. They cite findings from Milkovich and Newman (1999) that where collective reward programs replace individual incentives, their introduction may lead to higher turnover among high performers. Attitudes to Money 2.18 For some individuals pay will not be the sole criterion when people decide to continue within an existing job. In the study of mental health professionals, Tang (2000) examined the relationship between attitudes towards money, intrinsic job satisfaction and voluntary turnover. One of the main findings of this study is that voluntary turnover is high among employees who value money, regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. However, those who do not value money highly but who have also have low intrinsic job satisfaction tended to have the lowest actual turnover. Furthermore, employees with high intrinsic job satisfaction and who put a low value on money also had significantly higher turnover than this second group. The researchers also found that placing a high value of money predicted actual turnover but that withdrawal cognitions (i.e. thinking about leaving) did not. Training and Career Development 2.19 Martin (2003) detected a complex relationship between turnover and training. He suggested that establishments that enhance the skills of existing workers have lower turnover rates. However, turnover is higher when workers are trained to be multi-skilled, which may imply that this type of training enhances the prospects of workers to find work elsewhere. The literature on the link between lower turnover and training has found that off-the-job training is associated with higher turnover presumably because this type of training imparts more general skills (Martin, 2003). Effect of Vocational Training 2.20 In a study examining the effect of apprenticeships on male school leavers in the UK, Booth and Satchel (1994) found that completed apprenticeships reduced voluntary job-to-job, voluntary job-to-unemployment and involuntary job termination rates. In contrast, incomplete apprenticeships tended to increase the exit rate to these destinations relative to those who did not receive any training. Winkelmann (1996) reported that in Germany apprenticeships and all other types of vocational training reduce labor mobility in spite of the fact that the German apprenticeship training is intended to provide general and thus more transferable training. Career Commitment 2.21 Chang (1999) examined the relationship between career commitment, organizational commitment and turnover intention among Korean researchers and found that the role of career commitment was stronger in predicting turnover intentions. When individuals are committed to the organization they are less willing to leave the company. This was found to be stronger for those highly committed to their careers. The author also found that employees with low career and organizational commitment had the highest turnover intentions because they did not care either about the company or their current careers. 2.22 Individuals with high career commitment and low organizational commitment also tend to leave because they do not believe that the organization can satisfy their career needs or goals. This is consistent with previous research that high career committers consider leaving the company if development opportunities are not provided by the organization. However, this group is not apt to leave and is likely to contribute to the company if their organizational commitment is increased. Chang found that individuals become affectively committed to the organization when they perceive that the organization is pursuing internal promotion opportunities, providing proper training and that supervisors do a good job in providing information and advice about careers. Influence of Co-Workers 2.23 A 2002 study by Kirshenbaum and Weisberg of 477 employees in 15 firms examined employees job destination choices as part of the turnover process. One of their main findings was that co-workers intentions have a major significant impact on all destination options the more positive the perception of their co-workers desire to leave, the more employees themselves wanted to leave. CHAPTER NO 3 Method Research Procedure 3.01 The research is a descriptive study. A descriptive study can be defined as, â€Å"A study that focuses on a particular situation or set of situations, reports on important aspects observed, and attempts to determine the interrelationships among them.† 3.02 The goal of the descriptive research study is to offer to researcher a profile or to describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry- oriented, or the other prospective. (Uma Sekran) 3.03 The purpose of the research study â€Å"Factors of employee turnover† is to help out the managers to figure out the factors of employee turnover in the organizations. So that the managers easily can find, why employee is leaving the organization? According to the results they can make the plans to reduce the employee turnover in the organizations. Sampling 3.04 The sample for the research is taken through the random sampling. The type of sampling is cluster sampling. In this type of sampling I have chosen 100 employees as a sample to fill out the questionnaire. These employees are from different departments and their positions in the departments are also different. The sample of the employees consists of top level managers, middle level managers and non managers. Data Collection Secondary Data 3.05 Secondary data is collected from the journals, newspapers, and publications and pervious research studies. Most of the data is taken from the previous research papers on employee turnover, which are available on the Internet libraries. Primary Data 3.06 For the primary data, I have designed a questionnaire according to factors described above in the literature review. The questionnaire is filled by 100 employees from different organizations. The employees are from top level management, middle level management and no managerial level. Data Analysis 3.07 Each question is analyzed by using data tabulation method; tabulation consists simply counting the number of cases that fall in to various categories. Tabulation Frequency Distribution 3.08 Frequency distribution is method to conclude the questionnaires, frequency distribution method simply reports the number of responses that each question received and is the simplest way of deterring the empirical distribution of the variable. A frequency distribution organizes data in to classes or group of values and shows the number of observations. 3.09 The presentation of tabulation frequency distribution is done by column charts, bar charts and pie charts etc. CHAPTER NO 4 Results and Discussion What is your gender? Table 1 Gender Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Male 75 75 75 75.00 Female 25 25 25 100.00 Total 100 100 100 Pie Chart 1 4.1 This table shows that the sample of 100 questionnaires was distributed randomly among male and female employees. In which we observed that 75% were male students and 35% were female employees. What is your age? Table 2 Age Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % 20-24 24 24 24 24.00 25-29 31 31 31 55.00 30-34 21 21 21 76.00 35-39 13 13 13 89.00 40-44 6 6 6 95.00 45-Above 5 5 5 100.00 100 100% 100% Pie Chart 2 4.2 The above table shows that questionnaires were divided into six different age groups i.e. from 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 45-Above. Out of this 31% employees were aged from 25-29. 24% were aged from 20-24. 21% were form 30-34. 13% were from 35-39. 6% from 40-44%, 5% from 45-above. What is your department? Table 3 Department Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Administration 11 11 11 11.00 Marketing 15 15 15 26.00 Operations 7 7 7 33.00 Customer Services 31 31 31 64.00 Finance 10 10 10 74.00 Human Resource 17 17 17 91.00 Technical 9 9 9 100.00 Total 100 100 100 Pie Chart 3 4.3 The above table shows that the questionnaire was divided in six different departments i.e. administration, marketing, operations, customer services, human resource and technical. Out of this 31% employees are from customer services, 17% from human resource, 15% from marketing, 11% administration, 10% from finance, and 9% are from technical departments. What is your position in the job? Table 4 Position Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Top management 14 14 14 14.00 Middle management 21 21 21 35.00 Supervisor 34 34 34 69.00 other 31 31 31 100.00 Total 100 100 100 Pie Chart 4 4.4 This above table shows that the questionnaire divided in the employees of top management, middle management, supervisors, and other level of employees. Out of this 34% employees are from supervisory level, 31% are from other levels, 21% employees are from middle level management, 14% are from top management. What is your monthly salary? Table 5 Salary Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Below 15000 17 17 17 17.00 Between 15001-20000 27 27 27 44.00 Between 20001-25000 21 21 21 65.00 Between 25001-30000 15 15 15 80.00 Between 30001-35000 14 14 14 84.00 Between 35001-above 6 6 6 100.00 Total 100 100 100 Pie Chart 5 4.5 This above table shows that the questionnaire was divided to the employees in six different salaries ranges i.e. Below 15000, between 5001-20000, between 20001-25000, between 25001-30000, between 30001-35000, between 35001-above. Out of this 27% employees are getting the salary between 15001-20000,21% getting the salary between 20001-25000, 17% getting the salary below 15000 ,15% are getting the salary between 25001-30000,14% are getting the salary between 30001-35000, 6% are getting the salary 35001-above. For how long do you work for the organization? Table 6 Period Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Less than 3 months 5 5 5 5.00 Between 3-6 months 27 27 27 32.00 Between 6-12 months 21 21 21 53.00 Between 1-2 years 15 15 15 68.00 Between 2-4 years 17 17 17 85.00 More than 4 years 15 15 15 100.00 100 100 100 Pie Chart 6 4.6 This above table shows that the questionnaire divided in to employees are from six different categories i.e. less than 3 months, between 3-6 months, between 6-12 months, between 1-2 years, between 2-4 years, More than 4 years. Out of this, 21% employees are working for between 6-12 months, 27% are working for between 3-6 months, 17% are working for between 2-4 years, 15% are working for between 2-4 years More than 4 years. 5% are working for less than 3 months. Rate the following about your job satisfaction. My job means a lot more to me than just money. Table 7 Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative % Strongly Disagree 26 26 26 26.00 Disagree 19 19 19 45